In this article I describe how you can work around not having the Complex Gateway in OIC Structured Process. I will end with what I believe to be the best work around with respect to support for refactoring.
The Complex Gateway in BPMN 2.0 is one of the least used features of BPMN. However, when you find a use case for it also may find that there is no alternative way to model it, or not an easy one. The challenge being that in case of parallel flows (be it via Parallel or Inclusive Gateway) the token must move to the merge gateway for each individual flow before it can move further.
One typical use case that I have ran into a couple of times is the one where at a specific point in the process there is more than one way to do something, and either one of them might happen after which the process can move on to the next activity. In case there are only two ways, most of the times you can model this by adding an interrupting Boundary Message or Timer Catch event to the activities.
For example, in the next process there is a Human Task in an order handling process where either 1 of 3 events can happen:
- The order is handled
- The order is cancelled
- The order is expired
Obviously, handling is done via the task. Cancellation can be handled by the Message Boundary Event that exposes a "cancel" operation that - when called - will interrupt the task and move to the end. Expiry can be done via the Timer Boundary Event that - when expired - will interrupt the task and move to the end
More complex do things become when you have two parallel tasks. In the following example an order can be updated by the Customer via the Update Order task, as long as it is not yet handled by the Clerk via the Handle Order task. The Customer can also cancel the order which should withdraw the Handle Order task.
The solution chosen in this model is a Message Boundary Event on each Human Task, one to withdraw the Update Order task and one to withdraw the Handle Order task in case the Customer cancelled the order. It uses an integration that can be called after either one of the tasks is executed, which on its turn will then call the Message Boundary Event of the other task to withdraw it.
A more clever solution is a more generic integration that leverages the OIC tasks API to withdraw any task based on a unique identifier (identificationKey). I could then leave the Message Boundary Events out of the model for withdrawing Human Tasks but that would not work for other types of activities or events. "He, but what about Event Based gateway?", you may think now. Not going to work, because you cannot use that in combination with a Human Task.
As you can see, the second example is much more complex than the first one, even though I left the order expiry use case completely out of the picture. In contrast, the model would look pretty simple when we would have a Complex Gateway. even with the expiry use case included (note: I "photo-shopped" the complex gateway 😉):
You will appreciate that with the work-arounds mentioned before, adding alternate scenarios (like a third human task or an operation to support an update via an integration instead of a task) will soon make any model incomprehensible even for the most experienced BPMN modeler. It just does not scale.
The best approach I could think of is as in the next model, which I have implemented for a real customer case:
The trick is that each individual, parallel flow has its own Embedded Subprocess with a Message Boundary Event. The advantage over the previous workarounds is that within the Embedded Subprocess I'm now free to expand or change the logic by adding or removing activities, events or gateways without breaking the interface of the operations of the overall process. The Cancel Polling and Withdraw Task activities both call one single integration that invokes the boundary event of the other one. With a little bit more effort I can extend it to support more parallel flows
Obviously adding or deleting any of the parallel flows will require the integration to be changed. Still not ideal but at least this scales much better than any of the other workarounds.
